See microaggression on Wiktionary
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":af",
"3": "micro-",
"4": "aggression",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nEnglish micro-\nProto-Indo-European *h₂éd\nProto-Italic *ad\nProto-Italic *ad-\nLatin ad-\nProto-Indo-European *gʰredʰ-der.\nLatin gradior\nLatin aggredior\nProto-Indo-European *-tis\nProto-Indo-European *-Hō\nProto-Indo-European *-tiHō\nProto-Italic *-tiō\nLatin -tiō\nLatin aggressiōder.\nMiddle French aggressionbor.\nEnglish aggression\nEnglish microaggression\n[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"advance, approach\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"to\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"to\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"to\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"at\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*h₂éd\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*ad\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*ad-\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"ad-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"gloss\" : \"step, walk\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*gʰredʰ-\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"gradior\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"aggredior\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*-tiHō\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-tis\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-Hō\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-tiō\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-tiō\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"aggressiō\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle French\", \"term\" : \"aggression\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"frm\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"aggression\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"microaggression\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"microaggression\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "micro",
"3": "aggression"
},
"expansion": "micro- + aggression",
"name": "prefix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "Chester M. Pierce",
"in": "1970",
"nat": "American",
"nobycat": "1",
"nocap": "1",
"occ": "psychiatrist",
"w": "Chester Middlebrook Pierce"
},
"expansion": "coined by American psychiatrist Chester M. Pierce in 1970",
"name": "coin"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nEnglish micro-\nProto-Indo-European *h₂éd\nProto-Italic *ad\nProto-Italic *ad-\nLatin ad-\nProto-Indo-European *gʰredʰ-der.\nLatin gradior\nLatin aggredior\nProto-Indo-European *-tis\nProto-Indo-European *-Hō\nProto-Indo-European *-tiHō\nProto-Italic *-tiō\nLatin -tiō\nLatin aggressiōder.\nMiddle French aggressionbor.\nEnglish aggression\nEnglish microaggression\nFrom micro- + aggression, coined by American psychiatrist Chester M. Pierce in 1970.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "microaggressions",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "microaggression (countable and uncountable, plural microaggressions)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "American English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries referencing ambiguous etymons",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms prefixed with micro-",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Catalan translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Korean translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Mandarin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Polish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Leftism",
"orig": "en:Leftism",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Social justice",
"orig": "en:Social justice",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Sociology",
"orig": "en:Sociology",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Near-synonyms: microassault, microinequity, microinsult, microinvalidation, nanoaggression"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
44,
60
]
],
"ref": "2014 February 18, Graeme Hamilton, “McGill student forced to apologize for racial ‘microaggression’ after emailing joke Obama clip”, in National Post, retrieved 19 Feb 2014:",
"text": "At McGill, someone has established a McGill Microaggressions website inviting students and staff to report instances of “sexism, heteropatriarchy, transphobia, classism, racism [and] ableism.”",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
73,
89
],
[
283,
298
]
],
"ref": "2015 September, Greg Lukianoff, Jonathan Haidt, “The Coddling of the American Mind”, in The Atlantic, archived from the original on 04 Apr 2017:",
"text": "Two terms have risen quickly from obscurity into common campus parlance. Microaggressions are small actions or word choices that seem on their face to have no malicious intent but that are thought of as a kind of violence nonetheless. For example, by some campus guidelines, it is a microaggression to ask an Asian American or Latino American “Where were you born?,” because this implies that he or she is not a real American.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
16,
32
],
[
303,
319
]
],
"ref": "2020 March 3, Hahna Yoon, “How to Respond to Microaggressions”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, archived from the original on 14 Nov 2020:",
"text": "For many of us, microaggressions are so commonplace that it seems impossible to tackle them one at a time. Psychologists often compare them to death by a thousand cuts.\nThe metaphor is both the subtitle to a paper that Kevin Nadal, professor of psychology at John Jay College, wrote about the impact of microaggressions on L.G.B.T.Q. youth, and the title of another paper on the health implications of black respectability politics by Hedwig Lee, professor of sociology at Washington University in St. Louis, and Margaret Takako Hicken, research assistant professor at the University of Michigan.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
12,
28
]
],
"ref": "2021, John H. McWhorter, chapter 6, in Woke Racism, New York: Forum, →ISBN:",
"text": "Ask whether microaggressions merit the same response as physical assault and the Elect do not receive this as a challenging query.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Any small-scale verbal or physical interaction between those of different races, cultures, beliefs, or genders that may have no malicious intent, but that can be interpreted as an aggression."
],
"id": "en-microaggression-en-noun-cVJdQJtl",
"links": [
[
"sociology",
"sociology"
],
[
"interaction",
"interaction"
],
[
"race",
"race"
],
[
"culture",
"culture"
],
[
"belief",
"belief"
],
[
"gender",
"gender"
],
[
"interpret",
"interpret"
],
[
"aggression",
"aggression"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(sociology, chiefly US) Any small-scale verbal or physical interaction between those of different races, cultures, beliefs, or genders that may have no malicious intent, but that can be interpreted as an aggression."
],
"related": [
{
"word": "macroaggression"
},
{
"word": "microaggress"
},
{
"word": "microaggressive"
},
{
"word": "microaggressor"
},
{
"word": "microinvalidate"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "microassault"
},
{
"word": "microinequity"
},
{
"word": "microinsult"
},
{
"word": "microinvalidation"
},
{
"word": "nanoaggression"
}
],
"tags": [
"US",
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"sciences",
"social-science",
"sociology"
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"sense": "everyday interaction interpreted as aggression",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "microagressió"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"lang_code": "cmn",
"sense": "everyday interaction interpreted as aggression",
"word": "微歧視 /微歧视"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "everyday interaction interpreted as aggression",
"word": "mikroaggressio"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "everyday interaction interpreted as aggression",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "micro-agression"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "everyday interaction interpreted as aggression",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Mikroaggression"
},
{
"alt": "微細攻擊",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"roman": "misegonggyeok",
"sense": "everyday interaction interpreted as aggression",
"word": "미세공격"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"sense": "everyday interaction interpreted as aggression",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "mikroaggressjon"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"lang_code": "nn",
"sense": "everyday interaction interpreted as aggression",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "mikroaggressjon"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "everyday interaction interpreted as aggression",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "mikroagresja"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "everyday interaction interpreted as aggression",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "microagressão"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "mikroagressija",
"sense": "everyday interaction interpreted as aggression",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "микроагрессия"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "everyday interaction interpreted as aggression",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "microagresión"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "everyday interaction interpreted as aggression",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "mikroaggression"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˌmaɪ.krəʊ.əˈɡrɛ.ʃən/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˌmaɪ.kroʊ.əˈɡrɛ.ʃən/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Sumxr-microaggression.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/00/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Sumxr-microaggression.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Sumxr-microaggression.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/00/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Sumxr-microaggression.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Sumxr-microaggression.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
]
}
],
"word": "microaggression"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":af",
"3": "micro-",
"4": "aggression",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nEnglish micro-\nProto-Indo-European *h₂éd\nProto-Italic *ad\nProto-Italic *ad-\nLatin ad-\nProto-Indo-European *gʰredʰ-der.\nLatin gradior\nLatin aggredior\nProto-Indo-European *-tis\nProto-Indo-European *-Hō\nProto-Indo-European *-tiHō\nProto-Italic *-tiō\nLatin -tiō\nLatin aggressiōder.\nMiddle French aggressionbor.\nEnglish aggression\nEnglish microaggression\n[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"advance, approach\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"to\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"to\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"to\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"at\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*h₂éd\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*ad\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*ad-\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"ad-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"gloss\" : \"step, walk\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*gʰredʰ-\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"gradior\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"aggredior\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*-tiHō\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-tis\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-Hō\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-tiō\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-tiō\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"aggressiō\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle French\", \"term\" : \"aggression\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"frm\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"aggression\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"microaggression\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"microaggression\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "micro",
"3": "aggression"
},
"expansion": "micro- + aggression",
"name": "prefix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "Chester M. Pierce",
"in": "1970",
"nat": "American",
"nobycat": "1",
"nocap": "1",
"occ": "psychiatrist",
"w": "Chester Middlebrook Pierce"
},
"expansion": "coined by American psychiatrist Chester M. Pierce in 1970",
"name": "coin"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nEnglish micro-\nProto-Indo-European *h₂éd\nProto-Italic *ad\nProto-Italic *ad-\nLatin ad-\nProto-Indo-European *gʰredʰ-der.\nLatin gradior\nLatin aggredior\nProto-Indo-European *-tis\nProto-Indo-European *-Hō\nProto-Indo-European *-tiHō\nProto-Italic *-tiō\nLatin -tiō\nLatin aggressiōder.\nMiddle French aggressionbor.\nEnglish aggression\nEnglish microaggression\nFrom micro- + aggression, coined by American psychiatrist Chester M. Pierce in 1970.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "microaggressions",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "microaggression (countable and uncountable, plural microaggressions)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "macroaggression"
},
{
"word": "microaggress"
},
{
"word": "microaggressive"
},
{
"word": "microaggressor"
},
{
"word": "microinvalidate"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"American English",
"English coinages",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries referencing ambiguous etymons",
"English entries with etymology trees",
"English entries with etymon",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *gʰredʰ-",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *h₂éd",
"English terms prefixed with micro-",
"English terms with quotations",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymology trees",
"Pages with etymon",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Korean translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations",
"Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"en:Leftism",
"en:Social justice",
"en:Sociology"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Near-synonyms: microassault, microinequity, microinsult, microinvalidation, nanoaggression"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
44,
60
]
],
"ref": "2014 February 18, Graeme Hamilton, “McGill student forced to apologize for racial ‘microaggression’ after emailing joke Obama clip”, in National Post, retrieved 19 Feb 2014:",
"text": "At McGill, someone has established a McGill Microaggressions website inviting students and staff to report instances of “sexism, heteropatriarchy, transphobia, classism, racism [and] ableism.”",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
73,
89
],
[
283,
298
]
],
"ref": "2015 September, Greg Lukianoff, Jonathan Haidt, “The Coddling of the American Mind”, in The Atlantic, archived from the original on 04 Apr 2017:",
"text": "Two terms have risen quickly from obscurity into common campus parlance. Microaggressions are small actions or word choices that seem on their face to have no malicious intent but that are thought of as a kind of violence nonetheless. For example, by some campus guidelines, it is a microaggression to ask an Asian American or Latino American “Where were you born?,” because this implies that he or she is not a real American.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
16,
32
],
[
303,
319
]
],
"ref": "2020 March 3, Hahna Yoon, “How to Respond to Microaggressions”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, archived from the original on 14 Nov 2020:",
"text": "For many of us, microaggressions are so commonplace that it seems impossible to tackle them one at a time. Psychologists often compare them to death by a thousand cuts.\nThe metaphor is both the subtitle to a paper that Kevin Nadal, professor of psychology at John Jay College, wrote about the impact of microaggressions on L.G.B.T.Q. youth, and the title of another paper on the health implications of black respectability politics by Hedwig Lee, professor of sociology at Washington University in St. Louis, and Margaret Takako Hicken, research assistant professor at the University of Michigan.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
12,
28
]
],
"ref": "2021, John H. McWhorter, chapter 6, in Woke Racism, New York: Forum, →ISBN:",
"text": "Ask whether microaggressions merit the same response as physical assault and the Elect do not receive this as a challenging query.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Any small-scale verbal or physical interaction between those of different races, cultures, beliefs, or genders that may have no malicious intent, but that can be interpreted as an aggression."
],
"links": [
[
"sociology",
"sociology"
],
[
"interaction",
"interaction"
],
[
"race",
"race"
],
[
"culture",
"culture"
],
[
"belief",
"belief"
],
[
"gender",
"gender"
],
[
"interpret",
"interpret"
],
[
"aggression",
"aggression"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(sociology, chiefly US) Any small-scale verbal or physical interaction between those of different races, cultures, beliefs, or genders that may have no malicious intent, but that can be interpreted as an aggression."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "microassault"
},
{
"word": "microinequity"
},
{
"word": "microinsult"
},
{
"word": "microinvalidation"
},
{
"word": "nanoaggression"
}
],
"tags": [
"US",
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"sciences",
"social-science",
"sociology"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˌmaɪ.krəʊ.əˈɡrɛ.ʃən/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˌmaɪ.kroʊ.əˈɡrɛ.ʃən/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Sumxr-microaggression.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/00/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Sumxr-microaggression.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Sumxr-microaggression.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/00/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Sumxr-microaggression.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Sumxr-microaggression.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
]
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"sense": "everyday interaction interpreted as aggression",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "microagressió"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"lang_code": "cmn",
"sense": "everyday interaction interpreted as aggression",
"word": "微歧視 /微歧视"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "everyday interaction interpreted as aggression",
"word": "mikroaggressio"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "everyday interaction interpreted as aggression",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "micro-agression"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "everyday interaction interpreted as aggression",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Mikroaggression"
},
{
"alt": "微細攻擊",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"roman": "misegonggyeok",
"sense": "everyday interaction interpreted as aggression",
"word": "미세공격"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"sense": "everyday interaction interpreted as aggression",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "mikroaggressjon"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"lang_code": "nn",
"sense": "everyday interaction interpreted as aggression",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "mikroaggressjon"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "everyday interaction interpreted as aggression",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "mikroagresja"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "everyday interaction interpreted as aggression",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "microagressão"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "mikroagressija",
"sense": "everyday interaction interpreted as aggression",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "микроагрессия"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "everyday interaction interpreted as aggression",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "microagresión"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "everyday interaction interpreted as aggression",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "mikroaggression"
}
],
"word": "microaggression"
}
Download raw JSONL data for microaggression meaning in All languages combined (12.0kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-07-09 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-07-06 using wiktextract (e62056b and e7887d5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.